Evicted: Matthew Desmond’s Pulitzer Prize-Winning Ethnography of Tenants, Landlords, and Eviction in an American City

I’ve always felt that my first duty as an ethnographer was to make sure my work did not harm those who invited me into their lives. But this can be a complicated and delicate matter because it is not always obvious at first what does harm.

With all the talk of data science, big data, and computational modeling, it’s increasingly important to highlight exceptional examples of rigorous research employing different methods, as these methods are no less important in our quest to better understand human social systems.

Perhaps the best book I read in 2018 was Matthew Desmond’s Pulitzer Prize-winning ethnographic study of tenants and landlords, Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City (find in a library).

In “About This Project,” Desmond details how his ethnographic study ultimately led to a mixed-methods research inquiry. Desmond describes designing a survey, the Milwaukee Area Renters Study (MARS), to assess the experience of renters in the Milwaukee rental market. He notes that his measurement (i.e., survey) items were greatly influenced by what he learned during his ethnography, which, in my experience, is a critical feature of good survey research – qualitative inquiry driving quantitative measurement (and vice-versa). He noted, for example, that simply asking, “Have you ever been evicted?” is likely to undercount evictions, since “eviction” connotes sheriffs and courts for many of the respondents, and a better measurement item would assess the lose of a rental home due to nonpayment or for other reasons.

The multiple methods and different data sources used in this book informed one another in important ways. I began this project with a set of questions to pursue, but lines of inquiry flexed and waned as my fieldwork progressed. Some would not have sprung to mind had I never set foot in the field. But it was only after analyzing court records and survey data that I was able to see the bigger picture, grasping the magnitude of eviction in poor neighborhoods, identifying disparities, and cataloguing consequences of displacement. My quantitative endeavors also allowed me to assess how representative my observations were. Whenever possible, I subjected my ground-level observations to a kind of statistical check, which determined whether what I was seeing on the ground was also detectable within a larger population.

Desmond also highlights the importance when conducting qualitative research that information be verified whenever possible through alternative sources and, in particular, using official records such as those collected by social services and the courts.

I analyzed two years’ worth of nuisance property citations from the Milwaukee Police Department; obtained records of more than a million 911 calls in Milwaukee; and collected rent rolls, legal transcripts, public property records, school files, and psychological evaluations.

The two surveys that Desmond designed following his fieldwork both achieved very respectable response rates: 84 percent for the MARS survey and 66 percent for the Milwaukee Eviction Court Study.

Desmond was also clear when he noted, in multiple places, his own involvement in the events that he was studying. He describes two instances, in particular, in which he provided funds for the rental of a U-Haul truck and a loan to a mother to purchase a stove and refrigerator in advance of an anticipated visit by Child Protective Services. He also explained that he occasionally provided transportation for individuals looking for housing.

Researchers, particularly those working in field settings–which includes organization scientists–rarely seem to do as good a job as Desmond in examining potential biases introduced by the researcher’s mere presence. In survey methodology training, we’re explicitly taught to understand how the presentation of measurement items can affect response data – whether the survey is incentivized or not and if so, what type of incentive is used (overincentivizing survey participation, for example, will generally reduce the quality of the data); whether surveys are presented electronically, on paper, or by a field interviewer; and even the colors and fonts used when presenting items to respondents.

In light of what we know about survey measurement, it’s a tall order to disentangle and fully understand the bias introduced by a researcher doing ethnographic fieldwork, so I was pleased that Desmond did so in Evicted, and did so in an accessible and highly engaging way (in “About This Project.”)

Quantitative social scientists could learn a great deal from our colleagues with more experience using qualitative methods and inquiry.

Desmond practices open science and promotes re-use of his data:

I have made all survey data publicly available through the Harvard Dataverse Network.

And he suggests that other researchers must attempt to replicate his extensive findings in other geographic areas:

That said, it is ultimately up to future researchers to determine whether what I found in Milwaukee is true in other places. A thousand questions remain unanswered. We need a robust sociology of housing that reaches beyond a narrow focus on policy and public housing. We need a new sociology of displacement that documents the prevalence, causes, and consequences of eviction. And perhaps most important, we need a committed sociology of inequality that includes a serious study of exploitation and extractive markets.

Yet Desmond questions what, in the context of a human socio-economic system like landlords and tenants, we actually mean when we talk of “generalizing” findings or replicating them elsewhere:

Still, I wonder sometimes what we are asking when we ask if findings apply elsewhere. Is it that we really believe that something could happen in Pittsburgh but never in Albuquerque, in Memphis but never in Dubuque? The weight of the evidence is in the other direction, especially when it comes to problems as big and as widespread as urban poverty and unaffordable housing. This study took place in the heart of a major American city, not in an isolated Polish village or a brambly Montana town or on the moon.

Finally, Desmond describes the power of storytelling in conveying research:

Ethnographers shrink themselves in the field but enlarge themselves on the page because first-person accounts convey experience—and experience, authority.

While the product of Matthew Desmond’s extensive ethnographic fieldwork, follow-up research, and synthesis stands on its own and should be read by every social scientist in the U.S., I cannot do better than to close with Desmond’s own words at the end of his methodological documentation, revealing the intense interplay between researcher and subjects in any ethnography:

The harder feat for any fieldworker is not getting in; it’s leaving. And the more difficult ethical dilemma is not how to respond when asked to help but how to respond when you are given so much. I have been blessed by countless acts of generosity from the people I met in Milwaukee. Each one reminds me how gracefully they refuse to be reduced to their hardships. Poverty has not prevailed against their deep humanity.

I highly recommend Matthew Desmond’s Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City (find in a library).

Evicted: Matthew Desmond’s Pulitzer Prize-Winning Ethnography of Tenants, Landlords, and Eviction in an American City

Review: Understanding Social Networks by Charles Kadushin

9780195379471

I stumbled on Charles Kadushin’s excellent book Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings (find in a library) last year while preparing for my PhD qualifying exams. I already own Wasserman and Faust’s Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, which is pretty much the go-to text and reference on SNA, as well as Borgatti, Everett, and Johnson’s Analyzing Social Networks but as a social scientist, I was looking for social science applications of network science, and Kadushin’s highly accessible book fit the bill nicely.

Kadushin, emeritus Professor of Sociology at the CUNY Graduate Center, has been engaged in social science research on network topics since the mid 1960s and has example after example of not only his own work with networks in social science, but also citations of all of the other social scientists I’d expect to see: Ron Burt, Ed Laumann, Stanley Milgram, Stephen Borgatti, Daniel Brass, and Barry Wellman, to name only a few.

Kadushin takes a decided and purposefully social approach to social networks, noting in his introduction that although network science can be applied to power grids, for example, understanding social networks really requires examining them “as if people mattered.” Kadushin proceeds to explore both the psychological and sociological theories underpinning networks as well as the social consequences of networks and their structures.

The first few chapters provide an overview of network concepts, moving from individual network members (Chapter 2) through entire social networks and their subcomponents and network properties (Chapter 3) and finally network segmentation (Chapter 4).

Chapter 5 explores the psychological foundations of social networks and the book continues through successive levels, next examining small groups and leaders (Chapter 6), then entire organizations (Chapter 7), small-world networks and community structures (Chapter 8), followed by network processes like influence and diffusion (Chapter 9). Chapter 10 explores social capital as a function of networks and network position and Chapter 11 gives much-needed attention to ethical dilemmas in social network research. Finally, Chapter 12 reviews “ten master ideas” of social networks.

I found Kadushin’s book extremely helpful in pointing to citations of social network analysis applied to social science. For any social scientist interested in social networks, I’d strongly recommend starting with Understanding Social Networks (with Borgatti, Everett, and Johnson’s Analyzing Social Networks as a second choice). I will also note that while Kadushin focuses on social science, he does not shy away from covering the work of physicists and others on networks, though he avoids mathematics in his explanations (but references the appropriate papers).

Likewise, for the general reader, I can’t think of a better book that explains social networks and their applications to social science and social ideas than what Kadushin offers here. An additional strength of the book is Kadushin’s enjoyable writing style and clear and concise recap at the end of each chapter in which he informs the reader “where we are now.”

My physical copy of Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings is heavily annotated so I also ended up buying the Kindle version, which was only $9.99 at the time of this writing. (The paperback version is $19.96 on Amazon at the time of this writing, but Amazon’s prices do regularly fluctuate).

In sum, Kadushin’s Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings (find in a library) is probably the most enjoyable book on social networks I’ve read and has been particularly helpful in identifying particular applications of network science in the social sciences.

Review: Understanding Social Networks by Charles Kadushin